Although both sets of factors interact and are risk determinants, professional players stop participating in soccer because of many modifiable causes.
Soccer-related injuries are associated with both non-modifiable factors, such as sex and age, and modifiable factors, such as those that can be improved through programs that influence force, balance, and flexibility. These are mainly attributed to inappropriate warm-up, muscle fatigue, and muscle imbalance. These are non-contact injuries that occur without impact in players, and include sprains, strains, and contusions that mainly affect the thigh and calf muscles and ankle and knee joints. Most injuries (60–90%) occur in the lower limbs, especially the ankle, knee (anterior cruciate ligament), and thigh (quadriceps and hamstrings). Įpidemiological studies categorize injury severity according to a player’s period of inactivity for better understanding and classification as follows: minimal (1–3 days), medium (4–7 days), moderate (8–28 days), or severe (>28 days). Recent studies indicate that injuries occur mainly during the first and last 15 minutes of the game, which highlights the importance of an appropriate warm-up and the possible effect of fatigue on players. In addition to causing large financial losses for professional soccer leagues, injuries lead to player withdrawals and decreased team performance at the professional and amateur levels.
Therefore, soccer carries a significant risk of injuries for both professional and amateur players, as in the case of most other sports, regardless of age. However, soccer is a contact sport that requires physical aptitude and the ability to play at high levels of intensity. The Brazilian Football Confederation reports 2.1 million federation athletes and 11.2 million amateur athletes in Brazil, without considering those who play soccer recreationally. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) estimates that 270 million soccer players are registered worldwide. Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide, with approximately 400 million players in 208 countries, generating approximately 1 trillion US dollars per year. The FIFA 11+ warm-up program reduced the risk of injury in soccer players by 30%. However, this pattern was not homogeneous throughout the studies because of clinical and methodological differences in the samples. In the intervention group, 779 (24%) players had injuries, while in the control group, 1,219 (40%) players had injuries. The FIFA 11+ program reduced injuries in soccer players by 30%, with an estimated relative risk of 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.93, p = 0.01). The sample consisted of 6,344 players, comprising 3,307 (52%) in the intervention group and 3,037 (48%) in the control group. Of these, 6 studies were selected, all of which were randomized clinical trials. A search using the keywords “FIFA,” “injury prevention,” and “football” found 183 articles in the PubMed, MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases. This meta-analysis was based on the PRISMA 2015 protocol. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the FIFA 11+ injury prevention program for soccer players. These injuries may be caused by both modifiable and non-modifiable factors, justifying the adoption of an injury prevention program such as the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+. However, soccer players have an increased risk of lower limb injury. Soccer is one of the most widely played sports in the world.
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